
1. We'll need ten months at least to have the restaurant decorated.2.Some traditional Chinese dishes from before the Ming Dynasty are still popular today.3.My grandpa's breakfast mainly includes whole grain biscuits and a glass of milk.4.People in this area would eat nearly a kilo of cheese per week.5. We enjoyed a special dinner in a fancy restaurant where the waiters all wore attractive suits.6. He prefers this brand of coffee which, as he said, has an unusually good flavor.Key:1. at a minimum 2. prior to3. consist of4. consume5. elegant6. exceptionalStep 5:Familiarize yourself with some food idioms by matching the meaning on the right with the colored words on the left.1.Public concern for the health of farm animals has mushroomed in the UK2.Anderson may be young but he's certainly rolling to doing dough!3.George is a popular lecturer. He often peppers his speech with jokes.4.As the person to bring home the bacon, he needs to find a stable job.5 He is often regarded as a ham actor for his over emphasized facial expressions. The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato. 6.The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato.7.Don't worry about the test tomorrow. It's going to be a piece of cake!8. It's best to fold the swimming ring when it is as flat as a pancake.A. completely flatB. something that is very easy to do C.an issue that is hard to deal withD.to include large numbers of somethingE.to earn on e's living to support a familyF. wealthyG.to rapidly increase in numberH. an actor who performs badly, especially by over emphasizing emotions

The activity theme of this section is to design various activities around the key words in the first text. Therefore, the activities require students to pay attention to the spelling of words. On the other hand, let students grasp the meaning of words more accurately through sentences and short texts. This kind of teaching design also helps to improve the ability of using English thinking.1. Cultivating students' ability to use word formation to induce and memorize vocabulary, and the ability to use lexical chunks to express meaning.2. Guide the students to think independently and use the correct form of words to complete sentences3. Cultivate students' habit of using lexical chunks to express language completely, guide students to draw words in sentences quickly, pay attention to word collocation, so as to accumulate more authentic expressions4. Instruct students to create sentences with the chunks.1. Enable students to use the language points in the real situation or specific contexts flexibly and appropriately.2. Guiding the Ss to use unit topic words and the sentence patterns in a richer context.Step1: Think of a word that best fits each definition.1. to remember sth2.to accept, admit, or recognize sth or the truth/existence of sth3. the process of changing sth or yourself to suit a new situation4 .to make sb feel less worried or unhappy5. a strong desire to achieve sth

The theme of this section is to express people's views on studying abroad. With the continuous development of Chinese economic construction, especially the general improvement of people's living standards, the number of Chinese students studying abroad at their own expense is on the rise. Many students and parents turn their attention to the world and regard studying abroad as an effective way to improve their quality, broaden their horizons and master the world's advanced scientific knowledge, which is very important for the fever of going abroad. Studying abroad is also an important decision made by a family for their children. Therefore, it is of great social significance to discuss this issue. The theme of this section is the column discussion in the newspaper: the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. The discourse is about two parents' contribution letters on this issue. They respectively express their own positions. One thinks that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, and the other thinks that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The two parents' arguments are well founded and logical. It is worth noting that the two authors do not express their views on studying abroad from an individual point of view, but from a national or even global point of view. These two articles have the characteristics of both letters and argumentative essays1.Guide the students to read these two articles, and understand the author's point of view and argument ideas2.Help the students to summarize the structure and writing methods of argumentative writing, and guides students to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad3.Cultivate students' ability to analyze problems objectively, comprehensively and deeply

? B: Absolutely! Getting involved with Chinese cultural activities there definitely helped a lot. I got to practice my Chinese on a daily basis, and I could learn how native Chinese speakers spoke.? A: What do you feel is your biggest achievement?? B: Learning Chinese characters! I have learnt about 1,500 so far. When I first started, I didn't think it was even going to be possible to learn so many, but now I find that I can read signs, menus, and even some easy newspaper articles.? A: What are you most keen on?? B: I've really become keen on learning more about the Chinese culture, in particular Chinese calligraphy. As I have learnt Chinese characters, I have developed a great appreciation for their meaning. I want to explore Chinese characters by learning how to write them in a more beautiful way. ? A: Finally, what do you want to say to anyone interested in learning Chinese?? I have really become keen on learning more about the Chinese culture, in particular Chinese Calligraphy. As I have learnt Chinese character, I have developed a great appreciation for their meaning. I want to explore Chinese characters by learning how to write them in a more beautiful way.? A: Finally, what do you want to say to anyone interested in learning Chinese?? B: I'd say, give it a shot! While some aspects may be difficult, it is quite rewarding and you will be happy that you tried.? A: Thanks for your time. ? B:You're welcome.

This section guides students to pay attention to the typical context of vocabulary use, helps students accumulate vocabulary around the key vocabulary of this unit, and uses the learned words and word chunks in different contexts to deeply understand their meaning and usage, so as to achieve the purpose of review and consolidation.The teaching design activities aim to guide students to pay attention to the typical context in which the target vocabulary is used, as well as the common vocabulary used in collocation, so that students can complete the sentence with correct words. In terms of vocabulary learning strategies, this unit focuses on cultivating students' ability to pay attention to collocation of words and to use word blocks to express meaning.For vocabulary learning, it is not enough just to know the meaning of a single word, but the most important thing is to master the common collocations of words, namely word blocks.Teachers should timely guide students to summarize common vocabulary collocation, such as verb and noun collocation, verb and preposition collocation, preposition and noun collocation, and so on.1. Guide students to understand and consolidate the meaning and usage of the vocabulary in the context, 2. Guide the students to use the unit topic vocabulary in a richer context3. Let the students sort out and accumulate the accumulated vocabulary, establishes the semantic connection between the vocabulary,4. Enable students to understand and master the vocabulary more effectivelyGuiding the Ss to use unit topic words and the sentence patterns in a richer context.

3.某縣農民月均收入服從N(500,202)的正態(tài)分布,則此縣農民月均收入在500元到520元間人數(shù)的百分比約為 . 解析:因為月收入服從正態(tài)分布N(500,202),所以μ=500,σ=20,μ-σ=480,μ+σ=520.所以月均收入在[480,520]范圍內的概率為0.683.由圖像的對稱性可知,此縣農民月均收入在500到520元間人數(shù)的百分比約為34.15%.答案:34.15%4.某種零件的尺寸ξ(單位:cm)服從正態(tài)分布N(3,12),則不屬于區(qū)間[1,5]這個尺寸范圍的零件數(shù)約占總數(shù)的 . 解析:零件尺寸屬于區(qū)間[μ-2σ,μ+2σ],即零件尺寸在[1,5]內取值的概率約為95.4%,故零件尺寸不屬于區(qū)間[1,5]內的概率為1-95.4%=4.6%.答案:4.6%5. 設在一次數(shù)學考試中,某班學生的分數(shù)X~N(110,202),且知試卷滿分150分,這個班的學生共54人,求這個班在這次數(shù)學考試中及格(即90分及90分以上)的人數(shù)和130分以上的人數(shù).解:μ=110,σ=20,P(X≥90)=P(X-110≥-20)=P(X-μ≥-σ),∵P(X-μσ)≈2P(X-μ130)=P(X-110>20)=P(X-μ>σ),∴P(X-μσ)≈0.683+2P(X-μ>σ)=1,∴P(X-μ>σ)=0.158 5,即P(X>130)=0.158 5.∴54×0.158 5≈9(人),即130分以上的人數(shù)約為9人.

解析:因為減法和除法運算中交換兩個數(shù)的位置對計算結果有影響,所以屬于組合的有2個.答案:B2.若A_n^2=3C_(n"-" 1)^2,則n的值為( )A.4 B.5 C.6 D.7 解析:因為A_n^2=3C_(n"-" 1)^2,所以n(n-1)=(3"(" n"-" 1")(" n"-" 2")" )/2,解得n=6.故選C.答案:C 3.若集合A={a1,a2,a3,a4,a5},則集合A的子集中含有4個元素的子集共有 個. 解析:滿足要求的子集中含有4個元素,由集合中元素的無序性,知其子集個數(shù)為C_5^4=5.答案:54.平面內有12個點,其中有4個點共線,此外再無任何3點共線,以這些點為頂點,可得多少個不同的三角形?解:(方法一)我們把從共線的4個點中取點的多少作為分類的標準:第1類,共線的4個點中有2個點作為三角形的頂點,共有C_4^2·C_8^1=48(個)不同的三角形;第2類,共線的4個點中有1個點作為三角形的頂點,共有C_4^1·C_8^2=112(個)不同的三角形;第3類,共線的4個點中沒有點作為三角形的頂點,共有C_8^3=56(個)不同的三角形.由分類加法計數(shù)原理,不同的三角形共有48+112+56=216(個).(方法二 間接法)C_12^3-C_4^3=220-4=216(個).

①自然經(jīng)濟的逐步解體;(西方列強的侵略)在給中華民族帶來沉重災難的同時,也不斷地沖擊著中國社會的生產(chǎn)方式和思想觀念,分解著中國自給自足的封建經(jīng)濟??陀^為民族工業(yè)的興起和發(fā)展提供了某些條件和可能。②清末至民國政府鼓勵興辦實業(yè);(歷屆政府的扶植)由于時代潮流的沖擊和鞏固統(tǒng)治的需要,清末至民國歷屆政府都鼓勵興辦實業(yè)。③反帝愛國運動的推動。(反帝愛國運動的推動)中國人民反帝愛國熱情不斷高漲,使“實業(yè)救國”具有日益廣泛的社會基礎,特別是抵制洋貨、提倡國貨運動不斷興起,有力推動民族工業(yè)的發(fā)展④實業(yè)家自強不息的愛國精神。(實業(yè)家們自強不息的愛國精神)是支撐民族工業(yè)曲折發(fā)展的動力和力量的源泉。本課小結:扼要回顧民族工業(yè)的曲折發(fā)展歷程,進而啟導學生探究影響其發(fā)展的因素,最后分析其歷史地位。中國民族資本主義的發(fā)展在中國近代史上具有重要的歷史地位,對近代中國歷史和社會的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大影響。

(2)由來:《黃帝內經(jīng)》是我國古典醫(yī)籍中現(xiàn)存最早的一部醫(yī)學,在整個中醫(yī)的發(fā)展過程起著重要的作用。該書中闡述的理論,一直以來指導著整個中醫(yī)學術的發(fā)展,是學習中醫(yī)不可缺少的一部經(jīng)典讀物,也是現(xiàn)代中醫(yī)院學生學習中醫(yī)時必讀的醫(yī)書。顧名思義,“內經(jīng)”是講內科方面的疾病,據(jù)《隋書.藝文志》記載,除了有《黃帝內經(jīng)》外,還有一本《黃帝外經(jīng)》。這兩本書是姊妹篇??磥?,《黃帝內經(jīng)》是針對《黃帝外經(jīng)》說的。2、《傷寒雜病論》:集大成的中醫(yī)專著、“萬世寶典”(1)作者:東漢張仲景(2)內容:全書分為“傷寒”和“雜病”兩大部分,(3)地位:創(chuàng)造性地提出辯證施治的方法,奠定了后世中醫(yī)臨床學的理論基礎,被后世醫(yī)家譽為“萬世寶典”。3、《本草綱目》:“東方藥物巨典”(1)作者:明朝李時珍(2)內容:記錄各類藥物1892種、藥方一萬多個,還繪制了一千多幅藥物形態(tài)圖。(3)地位:這部重要的中藥學著作,是對16世紀以前中藥學的系統(tǒng)總結,被稱為“東方藥物寶典”。

3.下結論.依據(jù)均值和方差做出結論.跟蹤訓練2. A、B兩個投資項目的利潤率分別為隨機變量X1和X2,根據(jù)市場分析, X1和X2的分布列分別為X1 2% 8% 12% X2 5% 10%P 0.2 0.5 0.3 P 0.8 0.2求:(1)在A、B兩個項目上各投資100萬元, Y1和Y2分別表示投資項目A和B所獲得的利潤,求方差D(Y1)和D(Y2);(2)根據(jù)得到的結論,對于投資者有什么建議? 解:(1)題目可知,投資項目A和B所獲得的利潤Y1和Y2的分布列為:Y1 2 8 12 Y2 5 10P 0.2 0.5 0.3 P 0.8 0.2所以 ;; 解:(2) 由(1)可知 ,說明投資A項目比投資B項目期望收益要高;同時 ,說明投資A項目比投資B項目的實際收益相對于期望收益的平均波動要更大.因此,對于追求穩(wěn)定的投資者,投資B項目更合適;而對于更看重利潤并且愿意為了高利潤承擔風險的投資者,投資A項目更合適.

由樣本相關系數(shù)??≈0.97,可以推斷脂肪含量和年齡這兩個變量正線性相關,且相關程度很強。脂肪含量與年齡變化趨勢相同.歸納總結1.線性相關系數(shù)是從數(shù)值上來判斷變量間的線性相關程度,是定量的方法.與散點圖相比較,線性相關系數(shù)要精細得多,需要注意的是線性相關系數(shù)r的絕對值小,只是說明線性相關程度低,但不一定不相關,可能是非線性相關.2.利用相關系數(shù)r來檢驗線性相關顯著性水平時,通常與0.75作比較,若|r|>0.75,則線性相關較為顯著,否則不顯著.例2. 有人收集了某城市居民年收入(所有居民在一年內收入的總和)與A商品銷售額的10年數(shù)據(jù),如表所示.畫出散點圖,判斷成對樣本數(shù)據(jù)是否線性相關,并通過樣本相關系數(shù)推斷居民年收入與A商品銷售額的相關程度和變化趨勢的異同.

對于離散型隨機變量,可以由它的概率分布列確定與該隨機變量相關事件的概率。但在實際問題中,有時我們更感興趣的是隨機變量的某些數(shù)字特征。例如,要了解某班同學在一次數(shù)學測驗中的總體水平,很重要的是看平均分;要了解某班同學數(shù)學成績是否“兩極分化”則需要考察這個班數(shù)學成績的方差。我們還常常希望直接通過數(shù)字來反映隨機變量的某個方面的特征,最常用的有期望與方差.二、 探究新知探究1.甲乙兩名射箭運動員射中目標靶的環(huán)數(shù)的分布列如下表所示:如何比較他們射箭水平的高低呢?環(huán)數(shù)X 7 8 9 10甲射中的概率 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4乙射中的概率 0.15 0.25 0.4 0.2類似兩組數(shù)據(jù)的比較,首先比較擊中的平均環(huán)數(shù),如果平均環(huán)數(shù)相等,再看穩(wěn)定性.假設甲射箭n次,射中7環(huán)、8環(huán)、9環(huán)和10環(huán)的頻率分別為:甲n次射箭射中的平均環(huán)數(shù)當n足夠大時,頻率穩(wěn)定于概率,所以x穩(wěn)定于7×0.1+8×0.2+9×0.3+10×0.4=9.即甲射中平均環(huán)數(shù)的穩(wěn)定值(理論平均值)為9,這個平均值的大小可以反映甲運動員的射箭水平.同理,乙射中環(huán)數(shù)的平均值為7×0.15+8×0.25+9×0.4+10×0.2=8.65.

1.對稱性與首末兩端“等距離”的兩個二項式系數(shù)相等,即C_n^m=C_n^(n"-" m).2.增減性與最大值 當k(n+1)/2時,C_n^k隨k的增加而減小.當n是偶數(shù)時,中間的一項C_n^(n/2)取得最大值;當n是奇數(shù)時,中間的兩項C_n^((n"-" 1)/2) 與C_n^((n+1)/2)相等,且同時取得最大值.探究2.已知(1+x)^n =C_n^0+C_n^1 x+...〖+C〗_n^k x^k+...+C_n^n x^n 3.各二項式系數(shù)的和C_n^0+C_n^1+C_n^2+…+C_n^n=2n.令x=1 得(1+1)^n=C_n^0+C_n^1 +...+C_n^n=2^n所以,(a+b)^n 的展開式的各二項式系數(shù)之和為2^n1. 在(a+b)8的展開式中,二項式系數(shù)最大的項為 ,在(a+b)9的展開式中,二項式系數(shù)最大的項為 . 解析:因為(a+b)8的展開式中有9項,所以中間一項的二項式系數(shù)最大,該項為C_8^4a4b4=70a4b4.因為(a+b)9的展開式中有10項,所以中間兩項的二項式系數(shù)最大,這兩項分別為C_9^4a5b4=126a5b4,C_9^5a4b5=126a4b5.答案:1.70a4b4 126a5b4與126a4b5 2. A=C_n^0+C_n^2+C_n^4+…與B=C_n^1+C_n^3+C_n^5+…的大小關系是( )A.A>B B.A=B C.A<B D.不確定 解析:∵(1+1)n=C_n^0+C_n^1+C_n^2+…+C_n^n=2n,(1-1)n=C_n^0-C_n^1+C_n^2-…+(-1)nC_n^n=0,∴C_n^0+C_n^2+C_n^4+…=C_n^1+C_n^3+C_n^5+…=2n-1,即A=B.答案:B

七、聯(lián)系實際·拓展延伸看云起云飛——交流對我國現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展轉機的看法甲生說:本文作者把成立京師大學堂、廢除科舉、派遣留學生看作三件有劃時代意義的大事,是很有見地的。京師大學堂是戊戌變法的產(chǎn)物,是北京大學的前身,是我國第一次設立的大學,所教東西比較全面,包括了現(xiàn)代的科學。這表明,國人已經(jīng)從先前的自大、愚昧的精神狀態(tài)中轉過彎來。先前不少人把西方科技看作是雕蟲小技,而認為我們才是正宗的。這是狂妄自大。又有一些人走到另一個極端去,產(chǎn)生了什么“種族退代論”,這是自卑感在作怪。成立京師大學堂,標志著國人的認識產(chǎn)生了根本的變化。我們對西方科技有了正確的認識,看到科技在國計民生中起的重要作用,克服了自大缺點。我們又重新樹立了信心,認識到,改革教育、辦好學校,我們也同樣能夠培養(yǎng)出一批優(yōu)秀的科技人才,同樣可以發(fā)展科技,借以富民強國,這就克服了自卑感。

You have no excuse for not going.你沒有理由不去。He was punished for not having finished his homework.他因未完成作業(yè)而受到懲罰。2.動詞ing形式復合結構由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加動詞ing,即“sb./sb.'s+doing”構成。動詞ing形式的復合結構實際上是給動詞ing形式加了一個邏輯主語。動詞ing形式的復合結構有四種形式:①形容詞性物主代詞+動詞ing②名詞所有格+動詞ing③代詞賓格+動詞ing④名詞+動詞ingHer coming to help encouraged all of us.她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.這個嬰兒被突然的關門聲吵醒了。Can you imagine him/Jack cooking at home?你能想象他/杰克在家做飯的樣子嗎?無生命名詞無論是作主語還是作賓語都不能用第②種形式。Tom's winning first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了一等獎使我印象深刻。Do you mind my/me/Jack's/Jack leaving now?你介意我/杰克現(xiàn)在離開嗎?Excuse me for my not coming on time.很抱歉我沒能按時來。His father's being ill made him worried.他父親病了,他很擔心。We are looking forward to the singer's/the singer to give us a concert.我們盼望著這位歌手來給我們舉辦一場演唱會。

The grammatical structure of this unit is predicative clause. Like object clause and subject clause, predicative clause is one of Nominal Clauses. The leading words of predicative clauses are that, what, how, what, where, as if, because, etc.The design of teaching activities aims to guide students to perceive the structural features of predicative clauses and think about their ideographic functions. Beyond that, students should be guided to use this grammar in the context apporpriately and flexibly.1. Enable the Ss to master the usage of the predicative clauses in this unit.2. Enable the Ss to use the predicative patterns flexibly.3. Train the Ss to apply some skills by doing the relevant exercises.1.Guide students to perceive the structural features of predicative clauses and think about their ideographic functions.2.Strengthen students' ability of using predicative clauses in context, but also cultivate their ability of text analysis and logical reasoning competence.Step1: Underline all the examples in the reading passage, where noun clauses are used as the predicative. Then state their meaning and functions.1) One theory was that bad air caused the disease.2) Another theory was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.3) The truth was that the water from the Broad Street had been infected by waste.Sum up the rules of grammar:1. 以上黑體部分在句中作表語。2. 句1、2、3中的that在從句中不作成分,只起連接作用。 Step2: Review the basic components of predicative clauses1.Definition

當孩子們由父母陪同時,他們才被允許進入這個運動場。3.過去分詞(短語)作狀語時的幾種特殊情況(1)過去分詞(短語)在句中作時間、條件、原因、讓步狀語時,相當于對應的時間、條件、原因及讓步狀語從句。Seen from the top of the mountain (=When it is seen from the top of the mountain), the whole town looks more beautiful.從山頂上看,整個城市看起來更美了。Given ten more minutes (=If we are given ten more minutes), we will finish the work perfectly.如果多給十分鐘,我們會完美地完成這項工作。Greatly touched by his words (=Because she was greatly touched by his words), she was full of tears.由于被他的話深深地感動,她滿眼淚花。Warned of the storm (=Though they were warned of the storm), the farmers were still working on the farm.盡管被警告了風暴的到來,但農民們仍在農場干活。(2)過去分詞(短語)在句中作伴隨、方式等狀語時,可改為句子的并列謂語或改為并列分句。The teacher came into the room, followed by two students (=and was followed by two students).后面跟著兩個學生,老師走進了房間。He spent the whole afternoon, accompanied by his mom(=and was accompanied by his mom).他由母親陪著度過了一整個下午。

Step 5: After learning the text, discuss with your peers about the following questions:1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.keys:1. John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2. No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3. SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.Step 6: Consolidate what you have learned by filling in the blanks:John Snow was a well-known _1___ in London in the _2__ century. He wanted to find the _3_____ of cholera in order to help people ___4_____ it. In 1854 when a cholera __5__ London, he began to gather information. He ___6__ on a map ___7___ all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had ___8____ (drink) the dirty water from the __9____ died. So he decided that the polluted water ___10____ cholera. He suggested that the ___11__ of all water supplies should be _12______ and new methods of dealing with ____13___ water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was __14_____.Keys: 1. doctor 2. 19th 3.cause 4.infected with 5.hit 6.marked 7.where 8.drunk 9.pump 10.carried 11.source 12.examined 13.polluted 14.defeatedHomework: Retell the text after class and preview its language points

The grammar of this unit is designed to review noun clauses. Sentences that use nouns in a sentence are called noun clauses. Nominal clauses can act as subject, object, predicate, appositive and other components in compound sentences. According to the above-mentioned different grammatical functions, nominal clauses are divided into subject clause, object clause, predicate clause and appositive clause. In this unit, we will review the three kinds of nominal clauses. Appositive clauses are not required to be mastered in the optional compulsory stage, so they are not involved.1. Guide the students to judge the compound sentences and determine the composition of the clauses in the sentence.2. Instruct students to try to learn grammar by generalizing grammar rules, controlling written practice, and semi-open oral output.3. Inspire the students to systematize the function and usage of noun clause1.Instruct students to try to learn grammar by generalizing grammar rules, controlling written practice, and semi-open oral output.2.Inspire the students to systematize the function and usage of noun clauseStep1: The teacher ask studetns to find out more nominal clauses from the reading passage and udnerline the nominal clauses.

一、 問題導學前面兩節(jié)所討論的變量,如人的身高、樹的胸徑、樹的高度、短跑100m世界紀錄和創(chuàng)紀錄的時間等,都是數(shù)值變量,數(shù)值變量的取值為實數(shù).其大小和運算都有實際含義.在現(xiàn)實生活中,人們經(jīng)常需要回答一定范圍內的兩種現(xiàn)象或性質之間是否存在關聯(lián)性或相互影響的問題.例如,就讀不同學校是否對學生的成績有影響,不同班級學生用于體育鍛煉的時間是否有差別,吸煙是否會增加患肺癌的風險,等等,本節(jié)將要學習的獨立性檢驗方法為我們提供了解決這類問題的方案。在討論上述問題時,為了表述方便,我們經(jīng)常會使用一種特殊的隨機變量,以區(qū)別不同的現(xiàn)象或性質,這類隨機變量稱為分類變量.分類變量的取值可以用實數(shù)表示,例如,學生所在的班級可以用1,2,3等表示,男性、女性可以用1,0表示,等等.在很多時候,這些數(shù)值只作為編號使用,并沒有通常的大小和運算意義,本節(jié)我們主要討論取值于{0,1}的分類變量的關聯(lián)性問題.
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