
二、課堂教學(xué)(課前由科代表發(fā)回預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案)1、教師根據(jù)預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案檢查結(jié)果提出問題(用多媒體展示),引導(dǎo)全班討論(重點討論:①、為什么動能的表達(dá)式一定是 mV2 ?你如何得出這個結(jié)論?②、力在一個過程中對物體所做的功,和物體在這個過程中動能的變化量有什么關(guān)系?你如何得出這個結(jié)論?這個做功的力和F=ma中的力F有什么關(guān)系)。有困難的小組應(yīng)及時問老師。老師在這個過程中巡視指導(dǎo)。2、學(xué)生自主閱讀課文“7 動能和動能定理”中的“動能的表達(dá)式”,然后完成如下練習(xí)(教師在此過程中巡視指導(dǎo)):2.1嘗試推出動能的表達(dá)式(鼓勵會推導(dǎo)的同學(xué)積極上臺板演,老師引導(dǎo)討論)。2.2寫出動能的小結(jié)(認(rèn)真閱讀教材p66倒數(shù)第二段、第三段,結(jié)合你推導(dǎo)動能表達(dá)式的過程,認(rèn)真思考后四人一組討論:①、動能是矢量還是標(biāo)量?②、動能的單位是什么?③、你認(rèn)為應(yīng)從哪幾方面來理解動能?)

一、知識與技能1、知道伽利略的理想實驗及其主要推理過程和推論,知道理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法2、理解牛頓第一定律的內(nèi)容及意義;理解力和運動的關(guān)系,知道物體的運動不需要力來維持。3、理解慣性的概念,知道質(zhì)量是慣性大小的量度;會用慣性解釋一些現(xiàn)象。二、過程與方法1、觀察生活中的慣性現(xiàn)象,了解力和運動的關(guān)系2、通過實驗加深對牛頓第一定律的理解3、理解理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法三、情感態(tài)度與價值觀1、通過伽利略和亞里士多德對力和運動關(guān)系的不同認(rèn)識,了解人類認(rèn)識事物本質(zhì)的曲折性2、感悟科學(xué)是人類進(jìn)步的不竭動力[教學(xué)重點]1、理解力和運動的關(guān)系2、對牛頓第一定律和慣性的正確理解3、理想實驗[教學(xué)難點]1、力和運動的關(guān)系2、慣性和質(zhì)量的關(guān)系

具體過程:先用懸掛法確定重心之后,在板上固定一條細(xì)線ab,讓ab穿過重心c點,再在其重心c處拴上細(xì)繩提拉,驗證薄板可以水平平衡.如圖3-1-6、3-1-7所示.歸納:物體的重心可在物體之上,也可在物體之外.結(jié)論:規(guī)則均勻的物體重心在其幾何中心;不規(guī)則不均勻的物體重心用懸掛法.例3一個被吊著的均勻的球殼,其內(nèi)部注滿了水,在球的底部有一帶閥門的細(xì)出水口.在打開閥門讓水慢慢流出的過程中,球殼與其中的水的共同重心將會()A.一直下降B.一直不變C.先下降后上升D.先上升后下降先讓學(xué)生自己回答,估計很多學(xué)生會選擇A;教師提示開始和最終重心的位置,學(xué)生很快就能得出正確答案.借機(jī)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考問題要全面.參考答案:在注滿水時,球殼和水的共同重心在球心,隨著水的流出,球殼的重心不變,但是水的重心下降,二者共同的重心在下降.當(dāng)水流完時,重心又回到球心,故選項C正確.

一、知識與技能1、知道伽利略的理想實驗及其主要推理過程和推論,知道理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法2、理解牛頓第一定律的內(nèi)容及意義;理解力和運動的關(guān)系,知道物體的運動不需要力來維持。3、理解慣性的概念,知道質(zhì)量是慣性大小的量度;會用慣性解釋一些現(xiàn)象。二、過程與方法1、觀察生活中的慣性現(xiàn)象,了解力和運動的關(guān)系2、通過實驗加深對牛頓第一定律的理解3、理解理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法三、情感態(tài)度與價值觀1、通過伽利略和亞里士多德對力和運動關(guān)系的不同認(rèn)識,了解人類認(rèn)識事物本質(zhì)的曲折性2、感悟科學(xué)是人類進(jìn)步的不竭動力[教學(xué)重點]1、理解力和運動的關(guān)系2、對牛頓第一定律和慣性的正確理解3、理想實驗[教學(xué)難點]1、力和運動的關(guān)系2、慣性和質(zhì)量的關(guān)系[課時安排]1課時[教學(xué)過程][引入]

1.這節(jié)課以實驗為依據(jù),采用控制變量的方法進(jìn)行研究。這一方法今后在電學(xué)、熱學(xué)的研究中還要用到。我們根據(jù)已掌握的知識設(shè)計實驗、探索規(guī)律是物體研究的重要方法。2.定義力的單位“牛頓”使得k=1,得到牛頓第二定律的簡單形式F=ma。使用簡捷的數(shù)學(xué)語言表達(dá)物理規(guī)律是物理學(xué)的特征之一,但應(yīng)知道它所對應(yīng)的文字內(nèi)容和意義。3.牛頓第二定律概括了運動和力的關(guān)系。物體所受合外力恒定,其加速度恒定;合外力為零,加速度為零。即合外力決定了加速度,而加速度影響著物體的運動情況。因此,牛頓第二定律是把前兩章力和物體的運動構(gòu)成一個整體,其中的紐帶就是加速度。四、評價方案及說明1、對科學(xué)知識與技能的評價要注重科學(xué)內(nèi)容的理解與應(yīng)用,而不是單純記憶。技能的評價目標(biāo)包括觀察技能、實驗技能等方面。對科學(xué)的技能的評價要盡量融合在科學(xué)探究過程的情景中。對科學(xué)知識的評價主要從兩方面,一是根據(jù)學(xué)生診斷性練習(xí);二是通過學(xué)生作業(yè)反映學(xué)生掌握情況。

一、教材分析在初中階段,物理量單位的學(xué)習(xí)是學(xué)生較為困惑的問題之一。前面關(guān)于1N的規(guī)定給學(xué)生的印象總好像是有些隨意。尤其是牛頓、帕斯卡、安培、伏特、焦耳、瓦特等單位的規(guī)定。使得學(xué)生感動物理太復(fù)雜。事實上,只有把單位制放在整個物理學(xué)框架中加以認(rèn)識,并且知識有了一定的積累。經(jīng)歷了充分的學(xué)習(xí)過程后才能體會物理量單位的命名和使用規(guī)則。體會到其中對一些單位進(jìn)行規(guī)定的合理性和方便特征。物理學(xué)單位中,有很少幾個基本物理量,它們的單位就是基本單位。在進(jìn)行了這種選定之后,其它物理量的單位就是根據(jù)它的定義式,有所選擇的其他物理量的單位共同確定的。國際單位制的建立和使用,不僅方便了國際間的交流,也逐漸成為科學(xué)研究中計算和運用的一種規(guī)范約束。中學(xué)生應(yīng)該注意學(xué)習(xí),逐步習(xí)慣,在記錄、表達(dá)和計算中規(guī)范使用。二、教學(xué)目標(biāo)(一)知識與技能1.了解什么是單位制,知道力學(xué)中的三個基本單位;2.認(rèn)識單位制在物理計算中的作用

①平動的物體一般可以看作質(zhì)點做平動的物體,由于物體上各點的運動情況相同,可以用一個點代表整個物體的運動,在這種情況下,物體的大小、形狀就無關(guān)緊要了,可以把整個物體當(dāng)質(zhì)點。例如:平直公路上行駛的汽車,車身上各部分的運動情況相同,當(dāng)我們把汽車作為一個整體來研究它的運動的時候,就可以把汽車當(dāng)作質(zhì)點。當(dāng)然,假如我們需要研究汽車輪胎的運動,由于輪胎上各部分運動情況不相同,那就不能把它看作質(zhì)點了。要注意的是:同一物體在不同情況下有時可看質(zhì)點,有時不可以看作質(zhì)點,一列火車從北京開到上海,研究火車的運行的時間,可將火車看成質(zhì)點,而火車過橋時,計算火車過橋的時間,不可以將火車看成質(zhì)點。②有轉(zhuǎn)動但轉(zhuǎn)動為次要因素例如:研究地球公轉(zhuǎn)時,可把地球看作質(zhì)點;研究地球自轉(zhuǎn)時,不能把地球看作質(zhì)點。③物體的形狀、大小可忽略再如:乒乓球旋轉(zhuǎn)對球的運動的較大的影響,運動員在發(fā)球、擊球時都要考慮,就不能把乒乓球簡單看作質(zhì)點。

(創(chuàng)設(shè)實例:多媒體播放視頻劉翔的110m欄。)1.提出問題:怎樣定量(準(zhǔn)確)人描述車或劉翔所在的位置?2.提示:你的描述必須能反映物體(或人)的運動特點(直線)、運動方向、各點之間的距離等因素。3.總結(jié):①為了定量地描述物體的位置及位置的變化,需要在參考系上建立適當(dāng)?shù)淖鴺?biāo)系。坐標(biāo)系是在參考系的基礎(chǔ)上抽象出來的概念,是抽象化的參考系。為了定量地描述物體的位置及位置的變化需要在參考系上建立適當(dāng)?shù)淖鴺?biāo)系,如果物體在一維空間運動,即沿一條直線運動,只需建立直線坐標(biāo)系,就能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)物體的位置;如果物體在二維空間運動,即在同一平面運動,就需要建立平面直角坐標(biāo)系來描述物體的位置;當(dāng)物體在三維空間運動時,則需要建立三維坐標(biāo)系。①一維坐標(biāo):描述物體在一條直線上運動,即物體做一維運動時,可以以這條直線為x軸,在直線上規(guī)定原點、正方向和單位長度,建立直線坐標(biāo)系。如圖1-1-1所示,若某一物體運動到A點,此時它的位置坐標(biāo)XA=3m,若它運動到B點,則此時它的坐標(biāo)XB=-2m(“-”表示沿X軸負(fù)方向)。

閱讀教材后總結(jié):是萬有引力的作用把宇宙中的恒星和行星聚集在一起,組成了太陽系、銀河系和其他星系.力的相互作用遍布我們周圍的一切物體.除此之外還有電荷間的相互作用、磁體間的相互作用,我們把這種力稱為電磁相互作用.【思考與討論】質(zhì)子帶正電,但質(zhì)子(與中子一起)卻能聚集在一起構(gòu)成原子核.你能推測是什么力的作用結(jié)果嗎?攻略一:閱讀教材53頁,師生共同討論、總結(jié).攻略二:網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索或工具書查閱“四種基本相互作用”,進(jìn)一步了解概念.結(jié)論:決定物質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和變化過程的基本的相互作用.近代物理確認(rèn)各種物質(zhì)之間的基本的相互作用可歸結(jié)為四種:引力相互作用、電磁相互作用、弱相互作用和強(qiáng)相互作用.近代物理的觀點傾向于認(rèn)為:四種基本相互作用是統(tǒng)一的,物理學(xué)家們正在為建立大統(tǒng)一理論而努力.但至今也沒有公認(rèn)的結(jié)論,望同學(xué)們好好學(xué)習(xí),為科學(xué)事業(yè)奉獻(xiàn)自己的聰明和才智.

1、教師先演示投影:把小鋼珠放在黑墨水瓶蓋里轉(zhuǎn)一下(內(nèi)有一點點墨水),再放在半圓形有機(jī)玻璃軌道上運動并飛出,讓鋼珠在白紙上留下痕跡,同樣在3/5半圓周,4/5半圓周上運動飛出,讓學(xué)生猜測飛出方向由什么特點?(有機(jī)玻璃板說明:厚約5毫米,略小于小鋼珠直徑,圓弧半徑15厘米,MN邊稍長些,以便過MN做直線,根據(jù)半徑大小確定圓心O位置。)學(xué)生猜想:切線方向師:已知圓弧半徑為15厘米。如何驗證?請用幾何方法作圖驗證。生:標(biāo)出飛出點和圓心,做圓心和飛出點的連線,用量角尺量出該連線和飛出軌跡直線的夾角,是否90度。2、再分組實驗,提醒同桌配合,小心鋼珠滾跑。實驗完畢,要求作圖驗證,并互相討論交流。3、交流和結(jié)論:師:要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生得出正確的科學(xué)結(jié)論:“圓周運動的物體的速度方向為該點的切線方向”,而不能直接得出“曲線運動的的物體速度方向為該點的切線方向”。

(給出儀器后先讓學(xué)生思考如何設(shè)計實驗、安裝儀器、設(shè)計實驗步驟,而后教師總結(jié))實驗步驟如下:①安裝調(diào)整斜槽 :用圖釘把白紙釘在豎直板上,在木板的左上角固定斜槽。②調(diào)整木板 :用懸掛在槽口的重錘線把木板調(diào)整到豎直方向,并使木板平面與小球下落的豎直面平行,然后把重錘線方向記錄到釘在木板上的白紙上,固定木板,使在重復(fù)實驗的過程中,木板與斜槽的相對位置保持不變。③確定坐標(biāo)原點:把小球放在槽口處,用鉛筆記下小球在槽口時球心在木板上的水平投影點O,O即為坐標(biāo)原點。④描繪運動軌跡 :用鉛筆的筆尖輕輕地靠在木板的平面上,不斷調(diào)整筆尖的位置,使從斜槽上滾下的小球正好碰到筆尖,然后就用鉛筆在該處白紙上點上一個黑點,這就記下了小球球心所對應(yīng)的位置。保證小球每次從槽上開始滾下的位置都相同,用同樣的方法可找出小球平拋軌跡上的一系列位置。取下白紙,描繪小球做平拋運動的軌跡。

《勻速圓周運動》為高中物理必修2第五章第4節(jié).它是學(xué)生在充分掌握了曲線運動的規(guī)律和曲線運動問題的處理方法后,接觸到的又一個美麗的曲線運動,本節(jié)內(nèi)容作為該章節(jié)的重要部分,主要要向?qū)W生介紹描述圓周運動的幾個基本概念,為后繼的學(xué)習(xí)打下一個良好的基礎(chǔ)。人教版教材有一個的特點就是以實驗事實為基礎(chǔ),讓學(xué)生得出感性認(rèn)識,再通過理論分析總結(jié)出規(guī)律,從而形成理性認(rèn)識。教科書在列舉了生活中了一些圓周運動情景后,通過觀察自行車大齒輪、小齒輪、后輪的關(guān)聯(lián)轉(zhuǎn)動,提出了描述圓周運動的物體運動快慢的問題。二、教學(xué)目標(biāo)1.知識與技能①知道什么是圓周運動、什么是勻速圓周運動。理解線速度的概念;理解角速度和周期的概念,會用它們的公式進(jìn)行計算。②理解線速度、角速度、周期之間的關(guān)系:v=rω=2πr/T。③理解勻速圓周運動是變速運動。④能夠用勻速圓周運動的有關(guān)公式分析和解決具體情景中的問題。

材料五航路開辟后,東方香料輸入歐洲的總量較中古之時猛增30倍,而胡椒、丁香等在印度購入和在英國賣出的差價亦高達(dá)10至29倍,其他貨物的獲利同樣驚人。這一時期,新的商品不斷涌現(xiàn),特別值得注意的是美洲的特產(chǎn)——玉米、馬鈴薯、煙草、可可等——被傳播到歐亞大陸。這時,世界性的對外貿(mào)易主要通過大西洋,地中海與意大利皆告衰落,而沿大洋的英、荷等漸居中心。到17世紀(jì)時,英國的倫敦與荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹成為世界貿(mào)易中心。問題4:材料五表明,新航路開辟后對世界貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了哪些重大影響?答案4:結(jié)束了世界相對孤立狀態(tài);各地文明開始會合交流,日益連成一個整體;歐洲商人直接同世界各地建立商業(yè)聯(lián)系;促進(jìn)不同國家和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,促進(jìn)世界市場雛形開始出現(xiàn)。

This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.

2.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的被動動作(該動作在說話的瞬間未必正在進(jìn)行)。Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.(說話時,并不一定正在進(jìn)行)3.表示一種經(jīng)常性的被動行為,常和always,constantly 等表示頻度的副詞連用,這種用法常常帶有贊揚或厭惡的感情色彩。He is always being praised by the leader.4.表示按計劃或安排主語將要承受謂語動詞所表示的動作(僅限于少數(shù)及物動詞)。A party is being held tonight.Step 4 Special cases1.像take care of, look after, talk about, think of等動詞與介詞構(gòu)成的短語用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)時, 其中的介詞不可省略。The ways to stop illegally hunting are being talked about. 2.可與部分情態(tài)動詞連用,表示對正在發(fā)生的事情的推測。She may be being punished by her mother.3.有時可表示按計劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的一個被動動作。A celebration is being held this weekend for his success.4.某些表示“狀態(tài)、心理活動、存在”等的動詞,如have,want,need,love,一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài),而常用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。With the population increasing,more land is needed.5.“be+under/in+n.”可表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動意義。My computer is under repair.=My computer is being repaired.

The activity topic of this section is "report an ongoing event", and the structure is the passive voice of present continuous tense. Rare wild animals are suffering from large-scale poaching, and species are on the brink of danger. Rescue operations are underway. "Being" and "suffering" are the meanings of the present progressive passive voice.The usage of present progressive passive voice is of great importance in writing a good discourse and appreciating some difficult language items, so it is vital to master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Motivate Ss to deepen the understanding of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a fixed context.2. Enable Ss to master the usage of present progressive passive voice and use it flexibly in a context.3. Lead Ss to construct sentences or appreciate sentences used master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper usage of present progressive passive voice.Look at the picture and tell me what are workers doing? What is the house being done?

The listening and speaking part aims at how to protect and help endangered animals by listening, speaking and talking about the facts and reasons. This lesson analyzes the decreasing clause of Tibetan antelope population and the measures of protecting Tibetan antelopes. So students can be guided to learn to analyse the title and use different reading skills or strategies, like scanning, skimming and careful reading.1. Read quickly to get the main ideas and the purpose of going to Tibetan; read carefully to understand what the author see and think.2. Understand the sentences of the present continuous passive voice such as “Much is being done to protect wildlife.” and the inverted sentence “Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet.”3. Enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.4. Cultivate the reading methods according to different materials.1. Read quickly to get the main ideas and the purpose of going to Tibetan; read carefully to understand what the author see and think.2. Understand the sentences of the present continuous passive voice such as “Much is being done to protect wildlife.” and the inverted sentence “Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet.”3. Cultivate the reading methods according to different materials.Step 1 Leading-inWatch a video about elephants and whales and then ask:Why are they endangered ? They are killed/hunted

Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.” Due to the continuous deterioration of the living environment, a large number of wild animals are always facing the threat of endangered or extinction. Listening and speaking period enables students to understand the fact and reason why wild species are disappearing from the earth at an amazing speed, and realize that human beings ought to enhance the awareness of protecting wild species as soon as possible.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of " how to help wildlife in Ss’ neighborhood.". Now there are many volunteers who spontaneously protect wild animals, carry out various activities according to local conditions, and contribute their own strength to local animal protection with practical actions. Middle school students are also enthusiastic participants. They organize activities in their spare time, and take this opportunity to make friends, broaden their horizons, cultivate team spirit and communication skills. This section describes a bird watching activity organized by several middle school students of Bird watching Club. It aims to stimulate students' interest, improve their understanding of bird watching activities, and use the language structure of “being used for; in order to, so as to, to, so that, in order that ” to express the purpose for communication and discussion.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of using visuals to predict content.2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to save endangered wildlife and help wildlife in their neighborhood.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I am concerned about…” “what do you know about the endangered animals in…" and so on to talk about one of the endangered animals.

This lesson is about wildlife protection. The listening and speaking is about “How to protect endangered wildlife ?” Faced with the facts and numbers of wildlife loss, people begin to detect the reasons, then people such as the celebrities (Prince William and Yao Ming) are calling on to protect them. So students are guided to enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife and try to take part in some volunteer activities of protecting wildlife.1. Predict the content by using visuals. 2. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?3. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.4. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.5. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.1. Learn from the stars like Prince William and Yao Ming and enhance the awareness of protecting wildlife.2. Guide students to try to put forward the solutions to the problems of wildlife protection and then discuss them with partners and present the results of discussion.3. Learn to use the sentences such as “I’m concerned about.... But now they are in danger. I want to know the reasons/why./ What can we do to protect them ?4. Master the pronunciation of stressed syllables.Part A Listening and Speaking--- How to save endangered wildlifeStep 1 Lead in1. Point at the pictures on P14 and ask Q1: What message do these posters share?

The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
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