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新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Reading and Thinking教案一
Features of languages1．Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland．該句是一個復(fù)合句。該句主句為：the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK；which resulted in the full name we have today為which引導(dǎo)的定語從句代指前面整句話的內(nèi)容，we have today為定語從句修飾先行詞name。譯文：最后，在20世紀(jì)，愛爾蘭南部脫離英國，這導(dǎo)致了我們今天有的英國的全名：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。2．Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history．該句是一個復(fù)合句。該句主句為：you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people；其中Almost everywhere you go in the UK為讓步狀語從句； who took over at different times throughout history為定語從句修飾先行詞people。譯文：幾乎無論你走到英國的任何地方，你都會發(fā)現(xiàn)歷史上有四種不同的人在不同的時期統(tǒng)治過英國。3．The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times．該句是一個復(fù)合句。該句主句為：The capital city London is a great place to start; as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times．為原因狀語從句；dating all the way back to Roman times為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語修飾history。
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 5 Music-Discovering Useful Structures教案二
4. When he got absorbed in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.P·P as adverbial: _________________________________________________________________.Function: _______________________________________________________________________.Step 5 Solid Complete the passage with the words in brackets in their correct forms.Well known as a successful band, the Impact members show quite a few striking qualities. They never ever give up. When _____________(question) by the media, they are not _____________(discourage) and practise even harder. They are improving themselves by attending several master training class. They are united. _____________(fill with) team spirit, they act as a whole, always aiming for glory. Step 6 Difference and similarity from -ingObserve the following examples.1. He went out, shutting the door behind him.=He went out, ________________________________________________________.2. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.=__________________________________________, he went to his parents for help.Similarity: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Difference : _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Step Practice1. ________ in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因為寫得匆忙, 這篇文章不是很好。2. ________ carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before. 他仔細(xì)讀書時, 發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。3. ________ why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 當(dāng)被問及他為什么要這么做時, 班長說這是他的職責(zé)
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 5 Music-Listening and Speaking教案
This lesson is about music. Students can classify the types of music through the instruments and its sound and can talk about their preferences about music, even join some activities and play a role in them according to their musical talents. On the basis, they are guided to use the languages to express their preferences and some plosive sounds and their rules.1. Classify the music types through the instruments and its sound.2. Listen and understand what the speakers’ preferences are and the reasons; talk about their own preferences and give their own reasons, using these sentences: “What kind of music do you like? And why? “ “Because it makes/gives me energy/peaceful.../touches my heart...”.3. Learn some plosives and the rules.4. Join some activities and play a role in them according to the talents. 1. Listen and understand what the speakers’ preferences are and the reasons;2. talk about their own preferences and give their own reasons, using these sentences: “What kind of music do you like? And why? “ “Because it makes/gives me energy/peaceful.../touches my heart...”.3. Learn some plosives and incomplete plosives and its rules.Step 1 Lead inPoint at the pictures on P50 and ask Q1: What are the people doing in the pictures below?Q2: What kind of music they are?Then play the MP3s one by oneStep 2 ListeningTask 1: A reporter from the school newspaper is interviewing students about music. Listen to the interviews. Draw lines between the words to make complete sentences. Some words will not be used.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 5 Music-Reading and Thinking教案一
This section focuses on "learning about experiencing music Online". This virtual choir is a new form of music performance. Members from all over the world don't need to love to come to a place. Instead, they use the new technology to model the various parts and wonderful virtual harmony group of music in the family. Students need to understand the main meaning of each paragraph. Finding topic sentences is an important way to understand the general idea of a paragraph. After the topic sentence, it is usually the detail sentence that supports and explains the topic sentence. Some paragraphs have obvious subject sentences, for example, the first sentence of the second paragraph is the subject sentence of the paragraph, and the following sentenceStudents need to pay attention to the topic sentences and key sentences, and then pay attention to how the sentences after the meaning explain, explain and support the topic sentences or key sentences before.1.Guide students to learn about experiencing music online2.Guide students to scan and circle the information in the text.3.Guide students to find the numbers and dates to fill in the timeline.4.Guide students to learn more about music by completing the sentences with the correct forms of the words and phrases. And then make a mind map about the outline of the passage.1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the main meaning of each paragraph and understand the narrative characteristics of "timeline” in illustrative style.3. Lead students to understand the changes that have been caused by the Internet.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 5 Music-Reading for Writing教案二
The Internet celebrity Gao Yifeng. Years ago, he owned 5 companies and the staffs over 1,000, but during the economy crisis, he became nothing but debt. He was so worried that his hair became white overnight. There was a time when he wanted to killed himself. But after listening to the song Start Over by Liu Huan, he decided to cheer himself up. He started a steamed bun shop and gradually became a national chain shops. Now he became successful again.Walter Haddon said, “Music is the medicine of a troubled mind.” Music contains such a pleasant and inspiring force. Music gave him courage and bravery. When he listened to the song, it made his spirit fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave him strength and brought him relief. It was the rock I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times. I hope none of us have to go through the same kind of suffering that he did. At the same time, we all go through various periods when we feel sad or alone. During those times, music can help us in the same way that it helped him. I hope we all will somehow begin to treasure music and make it a part of our life. Thank you for your listening !5.Revise your writing each other.Does he/she explain how music has changed his/her/someone else’s life?Are some of the rhetorical devices included and used properly ?Does he/she talk about how music makes him/her/someone feel?Is the first word in each sentences capitalised?Does he/she use correct punctuation ?
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Reading for Writing教案
【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with reading for writing a letter of advice. Students are expected to learn the knowledge about how to write a suggestion letter. The teacher is expected to enable students to master some writing skills concerning suggestion letters and learn to write one.【教學(xué)目標(biāo)與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Get students to have a good understanding of how to write a suggestion letter properly.2. Enable students to use some writing skills flexibly.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.【教學(xué)重難點】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the skills of writing a suggestion letter2.How to enable students to write a good recommendation letter using some writing skills properly.【教學(xué)過程】Step 1: Lead in Begin the class with the lead-in questions: how to write a letter for advice? What kinds of aspects should be included? It is strongly recommended that the teacher should ask students to discuss the topic freely with their partners and brainstorm some ideas concerning the topic. In this way, students can come up with more ideas and avoid being nervous at the beginning of the class.Step 2: Read to discover details concerning advice letters’ writing style.The teacher is expected to ask students to read a letter offering some advice on page 18 silently and then request students to discuss the questions below.
高中物理必修1教案高中物理必修二圓周運動教案
一、描述圓周運動的物理量 探究交流 打籃球的同學(xué)可能玩過轉(zhuǎn)籃球，讓籃球在指尖旋轉(zhuǎn)，展示自己的球技，如圖5-4-1所示.若籃球正繞指尖所在的豎直軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，那么籃球上不同高度的各點的角速度相同嗎?線速度相同嗎? 【提示】 籃球上各點的角速度是相同的.但由于不同高度的各點轉(zhuǎn)動時的圓心、半徑不同，由v=ωr可知不同高度的各點的線速度不同.
人教版高中歷史必修3破解生命起源之謎教案2篇
設(shè)問：你怎么看待這個問題的？（這是達(dá)爾文沒有想到的，是有人利用了達(dá)爾文的學(xué)說，科學(xué)應(yīng)該與其區(qū)分開來，但是科學(xué)家在研究時，既要做到為追求真理不斷探索，又要有一定的人文精神，比如我們只有以人為本，才能找到解決當(dāng)今社會面臨的諸如環(huán)保、戰(zhàn)爭、饑荒等問題的途徑，才能構(gòu)建防止核物理技術(shù)、克隆技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)、太空技術(shù)等可能對人類造成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的破壞作用的思想基礎(chǔ)、決策機(jī)制和社會條件。更重要的是社會和國家應(yīng)該對此有足夠的認(rèn)識，正因為此，所以現(xiàn)在當(dāng)一項科學(xué)發(fā)明出臺后，就會有一些法律出臺，限制其可能的非人道用途。但是這些影響應(yīng)不成為我們進(jìn)行科學(xué)探究的阻礙。）（3）科學(xué)與宗教的斗爭設(shè)計意圖：再次引導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)識，科學(xué)的探索永無止境，同時也再次認(rèn)識宗教和科學(xué)理論產(chǎn)生的原因。材料1：1972年，美國加利福尼亞教育部竟明文規(guī)定，中學(xué)生物學(xué)課本除進(jìn)化論外，必須還有神創(chuàng)論的內(nèi)容，而且兩者的頁數(shù)要各占一半。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修2能量守恒定律與能源教案2篇
世界能源問題的解決途徑是什么?能源，是人類敕以生存和進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的不可缺少的資源．近年來，隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展和能源消費的增長．能源問題已被列為世界上研究的重大問題之一．解決世界能源問題的根本途徑，主要有兩個方面：其一是廣泛開源，其二是認(rèn)真節(jié)流．所謂開源，就是積極開發(fā)和利用各種能源．在繼續(xù)加緊石油勘探和尋找新的石油產(chǎn)地的同時，積極開發(fā)豐富的煤炭資源，還要大力開發(fā)水能，生物能等常規(guī)能源，加強(qiáng)核能、太陽能，風(fēng)能、沼氣，海洋能，地?zé)崮芤约捌渌鞣N新能源的研究和利用，從而不斷擴(kuò)大人類的能源資源的種類和來源．所謂節(jié)流，就是要大力提倡節(jié)約能源．節(jié)能是世界上許多國家關(guān)心和研究的重要課題，甚至有人把節(jié)能稱為世界的“第五大能源”，與煤、石油和天然氣、水能、核能等并列．在節(jié)能方面，在有計劃地控制人口增長的同時，重點要發(fā)揮先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢，提高各國的能源利用效率．
人教版新課標(biāo)高中地理必修2第一章第三節(jié)人口合理容量教案
生：環(huán)境承載力是指環(huán)境能持續(xù)供養(yǎng)的人口數(shù)量。師：對了。但是有同學(xué)仍然會感到這是一個很抽象的概念。下面我們具體來了解什么是環(huán)境承載力。我們可以從兩個部分去理解：一、環(huán)境，它主要是指環(huán)境的單個要素（如：土地、水、氣候、植被等。）及其組合方式。二、是承載力，它指在特定的條件下，具體某事物能承受的某種活動的最大值。那環(huán)境承載力的科學(xué)定義是怎樣表達(dá)的呢？生：環(huán)境承載力是指某一時期，某種狀態(tài)條件下，某地區(qū)環(huán)境所能承受的人類活動作用的閾值。師：很對。 我們可以用一個生動的例子來說明。一只木桶里面的水的多少在底面積固定不變的情況下是由哪塊木板來決定？生：最短的那塊。師：確實如此。這就是我們平常所講的 “木桶效應(yīng)”。那影響環(huán)境承載力的大小也是由環(huán)境個要素里面最緊缺的那個要素來決定的。下面我們用一個例子來印證一下。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中地理必修2第二章第三節(jié)城市化教案
[補(bǔ)充]：鄭州是特大城市，我們對燈火通明的夜晚都有深刻的體會，我們都體會過光給他們帶來的好處，而對過多過亮的光帶來的危害則很少認(rèn)真地思考過，且光污染給都市人們和其他生物和環(huán)境帶來的不利影響也越來越大，所以，我在這兒給同學(xué)們補(bǔ)充光污染，目的是提醒他們要增強(qiáng)環(huán)保意識，要理解城市在建設(shè)過程中要減少城市各類活動對環(huán)境的污染；另外，隨著城市的不斷發(fā)展，還可能會產(chǎn)生新 的污染物。還培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生用發(fā)展的眼光來看世界。[思考]：如何降低城市化對地理環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的影響？[答]：發(fā)展生態(tài)城市，使人工環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境和諧統(tǒng)一起來。一方面在城市建設(shè)中，要發(fā)展低污染的節(jié)能建筑和綠色交通，減少城市各類活動對環(huán)境的污染；另一方面使城市景觀盡可能地與山、河、湖、海、植被等自然景觀保持協(xié)調(diào)，建立一種良性循環(huán)。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修1牛頓第一定律教案3篇
一、知識與技能１、知道伽利略的理想實驗及其主要推理過程和推論，知道理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法２、理解牛頓第一定律的內(nèi)容及意義；理解力和運動的關(guān)系，知道物體的運動不需要力來維持。３、理解慣性的概念，知道質(zhì)量是慣性大小的量度；會用慣性解釋一些現(xiàn)象。二、過程與方法１、觀察生活中的慣性現(xiàn)象，了解力和運動的關(guān)系２、通過實驗加深對牛頓第一定律的理解３、理解理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法三、情感態(tài)度與價值觀１、通過伽利略和亞里士多德對力和運動關(guān)系的不同認(rèn)識，了解人類認(rèn)識事物本質(zhì)的曲折性２、感悟科學(xué)是人類進(jìn)步的不竭動力［教學(xué)重點］１、理解力和運動的關(guān)系２、對牛頓第一定律和慣性的正確理解３、理想實驗［教學(xué)難點］１、力和運動的關(guān)系２、慣性和質(zhì)量的關(guān)系［課時安排］1課時［教學(xué)過程］［引入］
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修1牛頓第一定律教案3篇
一、知識與技能１、知道伽利略的理想實驗及其主要推理過程和推論，知道理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法２、理解牛頓第一定律的內(nèi)容及意義；理解力和運動的關(guān)系，知道物體的運動不需要力來維持。３、理解慣性的概念，知道質(zhì)量是慣性大小的量度；會用慣性解釋一些現(xiàn)象。二、過程與方法１、觀察生活中的慣性現(xiàn)象，了解力和運動的關(guān)系２、通過實驗加深對牛頓第一定律的理解３、理解理想實驗是科學(xué)研究的重要方法三、情感態(tài)度與價值觀１、通過伽利略和亞里士多德對力和運動關(guān)系的不同認(rèn)識，了解人類認(rèn)識事物本質(zhì)的曲折性２、感悟科學(xué)是人類進(jìn)步的不竭動力［教學(xué)重點］１、理解力和運動的關(guān)系２、對牛頓第一定律和慣性的正確理解３、理想實驗［教學(xué)難點］１、力和運動的關(guān)系２、慣性和質(zhì)量的關(guān)系
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修1用打點計時器測速度教案3篇
實驗?zāi)繕?biāo)：1、知道打點計時器的構(gòu)造和原理，學(xué)會使用打點計時器，能根據(jù)打出的紙帶計算打幾個點所用的時間，會計算紙帶的平均速度，能根據(jù)紙帶粗略測量紙帶的瞬時速度，認(rèn)識v-t圖象，并能根據(jù)v-t圖象判斷物體的運動情況。2、通過速度測量過程的體驗，領(lǐng)悟兩個方法：一是用圖象處理物理數(shù)據(jù)的方法；二是極限法或說無限趨近法，加強(qiáng)一個認(rèn)識，實驗是檢驗理論的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。實驗器材：電源（220v電源或?qū)W生電源），打點計時器，紙帶，刻度尺（最好是塑料透明的），導(dǎo)線實驗準(zhǔn)備：1、仔細(xì)觀察電磁打點計時器和電火花計時器，對照課本，比較它們的異同。2、兩類打點計時器的打點時間間隔是多少？3、分析紙帶時，如何計算紙帶的平均速度。4、嚴(yán)格地說，瞬時速度我們引進(jìn)測量出來的，你知道用什么方法求出的速度可以代替某點的瞬時速度嗎？5、從器材上讀取的數(shù)據(jù)是原始數(shù)據(jù)，原始數(shù)據(jù)是寶貴的實驗資料，要嚴(yán)肅對待，要整齊的記錄，妥善保存。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修2重力勢能教案3篇
（一）知識與技能1．理解重力勢能的概念，會用重力勢能的定義進(jìn)行計算。2．理解重力勢能的變化和重力做功的關(guān)系，知道重力做功與路徑無關(guān)。3．知道重力勢能的相對性，知道重力勢能是物體和地球系統(tǒng)共有的（二）過程與方法：用所學(xué)功的概念推導(dǎo)重力做功與路徑的關(guān)系，親身感受知識的建立過程（三）情感、態(tài)度與價值觀1．滲透從對生活中有關(guān)物理現(xiàn)象的觀察，得到物理結(jié)論的方法，激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生探索自然規(guī)律的興趣．2．培養(yǎng)學(xué)生遵守社會公德，防止高空墜物。【教學(xué)重點】重力勢能的概念及重力做功跟物體重力勢能改變的關(guān)系。【教學(xué)難點】重力勢能的系統(tǒng)性和相對性?！窘虒W(xué)方法】啟發(fā)、引導(dǎo)、講練結(jié)合【教學(xué)過程】一、新課引入有句話是“搬起石頭砸自己的腳”，從物理的角度看待這一問題，搬起的石頭有了做功的本領(lǐng)，它就具有了能，這種能我們稱為重力勢能。我們今天就來學(xué)習(xí)重力勢能。二、新課教學(xué)
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修2研究平拋運動教案3篇
（給出儀器后先讓學(xué)生思考如何設(shè)計實驗、安裝儀器、設(shè)計實驗步驟，而后教師總結(jié)）實驗步驟如下：①安裝調(diào)整斜槽 ：用圖釘把白紙釘在豎直板上，在木板的左上角固定斜槽。②調(diào)整木板 ：用懸掛在槽口的重錘線把木板調(diào)整到豎直方向，并使木板平面與小球下落的豎直面平行，然后把重錘線方向記錄到釘在木板上的白紙上，固定木板，使在重復(fù)實驗的過程中，木板與斜槽的相對位置保持不變。③確定坐標(biāo)原點：把小球放在槽口處，用鉛筆記下小球在槽口時球心在木板上的水平投影點O，O即為坐標(biāo)原點。④描繪運動軌跡 ：用鉛筆的筆尖輕輕地靠在木板的平面上，不斷調(diào)整筆尖的位置，使從斜槽上滾下的小球正好碰到筆尖，然后就用鉛筆在該處白紙上點上一個黑點，這就記下了小球球心所對應(yīng)的位置。保證小球每次從槽上開始滾下的位置都相同，用同樣的方法可找出小球平拋軌跡上的一系列位置。取下白紙，描繪小球做平拋運動的軌跡。
人教版新課標(biāo)高中物理必修1用打點計時器測速度教案3篇
實驗?zāi)繕?biāo)：1、知道打點計時器的構(gòu)造和原理，學(xué)會使用打點計時器，能根據(jù)打出的紙帶計算打幾個點所用的時間，會計算紙帶的平均速度，能根據(jù)紙帶粗略測量紙帶的瞬時速度，認(rèn)識v-t圖象，并能根據(jù)v-t圖象判斷物體的運動情況。2、通過速度測量過程的體驗，領(lǐng)悟兩個方法：一是用圖象處理物理數(shù)據(jù)的方法；二是極限法或說無限趨近法，加強(qiáng)一個認(rèn)識，實驗是檢驗理論的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。實驗器材：電源（220v電源或?qū)W生電源），打點計時器，紙帶，刻度尺（最好是塑料透明的），導(dǎo)線實驗準(zhǔn)備：1、仔細(xì)觀察電磁打點計時器和電火花計時器，對照課本，比較它們的異同。2、兩類打點計時器的打點時間間隔是多少？3、分析紙帶時，如何計算紙帶的平均速度。4、嚴(yán)格地說，瞬時速度我們引進(jìn)測量出來的，你知道用什么方法求出的速度可以代替某點的瞬時速度嗎？
高中物理必修二圓周運動教案
1、知識與技能 (1)認(rèn)識勻速圓周運動的概念，理解線速度的概念，知道它就是物體做勻速圓周運動的瞬時速度;理解角速度和周期的概念，會用它們的公式進(jìn)行計算; (2)理解線速度、角速度、周期之間的關(guān)系：v=rω=2πr/T; (3)理解勻速圓周運動是變速運動?！ ?、過程與方法 (1)運用極限法理解線速度的瞬時性.掌握運用圓周運動的特點如何去分析有關(guān)問題; (2)體會有了線速度后.為什么還要引入角速度.運用數(shù)學(xué)知識推導(dǎo)角速度的單位。
人教版高中政治必修4第十二課實現(xiàn)人生的價值教案
有的學(xué)者還指出，要堅持集體主義還必須將集體主義的價值精神與社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求結(jié)合起來，批判地繼承計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時代倡導(dǎo)的集體主義，合理地對其進(jìn)行體系結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和內(nèi)容的更新，形成新的集體主義。與傳統(tǒng)的集體主義相比，這種新的集體主義應(yīng)具有如下兩個主要特點。其一，強(qiáng)調(diào)集體的出發(fā)點是為了維護(hù)集體成員的正當(dāng)個人利益。傳統(tǒng)的集體主義具有片面強(qiáng)調(diào)集體至上性、絕對性的弊端；新的集體主義必須依據(jù)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)實要求，將集體應(yīng)當(dāng)對個人承擔(dān)的義務(wù)加以科學(xué)的闡釋。真正的集體應(yīng)該維護(hù)各個集體成員的個人利益，實現(xiàn)組成集體的各個主體的自我價值。這種新型的集體主義是對社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下社會關(guān)系的真實反映，既與個人主義有本質(zhì)區(qū)別，也不同于傳統(tǒng)的集體主義。其二，要體現(xiàn)道德要求的先進(jìn)性與廣泛性的統(tǒng)一。
人教版高中政治必修2人民代表大會制度：我國根本的政治制度教案
二、適合我國國情的根本政治制度1、人民代表大會制度的主要內(nèi)容國家的一切權(quán)力屬于人民；人民在普選的基礎(chǔ)上選舉代表，組成各級人民代表大會作為國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)；由國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)產(chǎn)生其他國家機(jī)關(guān)，依法行使各自的職權(quán)；實行民主集中制的組織和活動原則等。2、為什么說人民代表大會制度是適合我國國情的根本政治制度（1）人民代表大會制度是由人民民主專政的社會主義國家性質(zhì)決定的，是建立其他國家管理制度的基礎(chǔ)，是中國社會主義民主政治最鮮明的特點。（2）人民代表大會制度以人民當(dāng)家作主為宗旨，真正保證了人民群眾參加國家管理，充分體現(xiàn)了人民的意志和利益。（3）實踐證明，我國人民民主專政的國體和人民代表大會制度的政體，是中國人民奮斗的成果和歷史的選擇，是適合我國國情的政治制度。（4）建設(shè)社會主義民主政治，最重要的是堅持和完善人民代表大會制度，決不照搬西方的政治制度模式。
