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人教版高中語文必修1《荊軻刺秦王》教案
教學目標：1、知識與能力：①了解荊軻刺秦王的歷史背景和過程，整體感知課文。②掌握文言文中重要的字、詞、句解釋，提高翻譯能力。③學會從人物的對話、動作、神態(tài)描寫入手，分析主要人物形象。2、情感與態(tài)度：正確看待荊軻刺秦王這一事件，學會歷史而辯證地評價人物。重點難點：評價歷史事件，分析人物形象。教學方法：朗讀法、提問法、討論法課時安排：三課時教學過程：第一課時一、導(dǎo)入：（課前展示雕塑照片）來到正定講課，我感到非常高興，一進縣城，就被這里濃郁的歷史文化氣息所感染。我們住在華陽假日酒店，外面正在興建文化廣場，剛才的照片就是在那里拍攝的。在此，我進一步了解到正定這座文化古城悠久的歷史淵源，這里有南越王趙佗，常勝將軍趙云，一代名家顏真卿等等，可謂物華天寶、人杰地靈。因此我相信我們正定中學的同學們一定都非常優(yōu)秀。這也讓我更深刻地體會到一個道理：語文的外延就是生活的外延。
人教版高中語文必修2《涉江采芙蓉》教案2篇
三、想象畫面，把握意境1.指導(dǎo)想象學習陶淵明的《歸園田居》我們腦海中自然會出現(xiàn)一幅幅的畫面，比如他歸家后的生活場景，我們會想象“榆柳”是如何遮蔽房屋的，而“桃李”又是如何摘種在房前的。我們會想象村落是如何在薄霧中若隱若現(xiàn)的，想象炊煙是如何裊裊升起的?！渡娼绍饺亍芬辉娭挥?句話，更需要我們展開想象，去構(gòu)畫場景，這樣才能深入詩歌，體會到詩歌的味道。2.學生想象要求學生閉目想象1分鐘。3.學生展示想象結(jié)果（抽三四個學生回答即可）4.老師指導(dǎo)糾正學生想象不合理之處。要注意的地方：“江”可能學生會想象成小溪流、小池塘?！疤m澤”可能學生理解成“湖泊”。注意字詞“還顧”“漫浩浩”中隱含的情感，注意“離居”中流露的愁怨。5.時間允許的話，老師讀自己的下水作文。
人教版高中語文必修2《孔雀東南飛并序》教案2篇
讓學生仔細聆聽美妙的音樂，合作討論，加深理解。（1）本詩文中的“蘭芝被遣”和“蘭芝抗婚”的情節(jié)，可與樂曲展開部第一階段“逼嫁抗婚”對比閱讀。文中的劉蘭芝是在封建禮教的壓迫下被遣歸及被迫“改嫁”，劉蘭芝與祝英臺一樣都進行了抗爭。樂曲中的樂器奏出了具有威脅力的封建勢力的主題，代表著封建勢力的兇暴殘酷，同時敘述了祝英臺的悲痛和不安心情，表現(xiàn)了控訴、抗爭的感情。（2）本詩文中的“夫妻誓別”的情節(jié)，可與樂曲呈示部中的結(jié)束部“長亭惜別”對比閱讀。文中劉蘭芝與焦仲卿的誓別。二人分手之際，依依不舍，“舉手長勞勞，二情同依依”。樂曲中梁祝分別時依依不舍又充滿悲傷，音調(diào)抒情徐緩。讓學生在徐緩的音樂中去感受劉蘭芝與焦仲卿生離死別的痛苦。
人教版高中語文必修2《蘭亭集序》教案3篇
三、指導(dǎo)第一段的背誦，點撥理解句意，強調(diào)關(guān)鍵詞語，注重文言基礎(chǔ)知識教學。過程中要讓學生反復(fù)讀背。背誦線索：時間——地點——事件——人物——環(huán)境——活動——天氣——感覺。時間：永和九年，歲在癸丑，暮春之初。地點：會于會稽山陰之蘭亭。事件：修稧事也。人物：群賢畢至，少長咸集。環(huán)境：此地有崇山峻嶺，茂林修竹；又有清流激湍，映帶左右?；顒樱阂詾榱饔x曲水，列坐其次。雖無絲竹管弦之盛，一觴一詠，亦足以暢敘幽情。天氣：是日也，天朗氣清，惠風和暢。感覺：仰觀宇宙之大，俯察品類之盛，所以極視聽之娛，信可樂也。四、學生自讀背誦5分鐘。五、抽一至二名學生試背課文，教師可作必要的線索提示。第二課時一、聽名家示范朗誦，學生小聲跟讀。二、復(fù)習鞏固第一自然段的閱讀背誦。三、朗讀、解析第二自然段，理解文章“由敘入感”的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)。
人教版高中語文必修2《短歌行》教案2篇
教學過程：一、導(dǎo)語毛澤東在《沁園春雪》俯視封建君王“惜秦皇漢武。。。只識彎弓射大雕。”但如果歷史上只有一個人可以與他相提并論，這個人只能是魏武帝曹操?！皾L滾長江東逝水，浪花淘盡英雄。是非成敗轉(zhuǎn)頭空，青山依舊在，幾度夕陽紅?！保ā度龂萘x》卷首詞）在歷史的大浪淘沙中，有多少英雄能夠經(jīng)得起歷史的千淘萬漉而流芳百世呢？曹操應(yīng)該是三國時代留下了濃重一筆的人物。老師總結(jié)，并啟發(fā)他們?nèi)ヂ?lián)系:我們學過他的《觀滄?！贰皷|臨碣石,以觀滄海…”還有《龜雖壽》“神龜雖壽，猷有竟時。老驥伏櫪，志在千里；烈士暮年，壯心不已?！薄肚嗝分鬄⒄撚⑿邸分性退娺^，《三國演義》電視劇播出后，大家和他也就頻頻見面了。《三國演義》第48回“宴長江曹操賦詩”中，赤壁之戰(zhàn)前夕，曹操和眾部將一起狂飲，他四顧空闊，心中大喜，與諸將講述自己希望收服江南的雄心壯志。
人教版高中語文必修3《蜀道難》教案2篇
【明確】“一夫當關(guān)，萬夫莫開”言劍閣有易守難攻的險要形勢，暗示中央朝廷的部隊很不容易打進來，因而野心家可以據(jù)險發(fā)動叛亂，“化為狼與豺”，搞地方割據(jù)。如果割據(jù)勢力之間出現(xiàn)矛盾沖突，難免要發(fā)生混戰(zhàn)，結(jié)果必定是“殺人如麻”。詩人這番預(yù)言在十多年后就得到了證實：從上元二年到大歷初即有段子璋、徐知道、崔旰等人相繼發(fā)動叛亂。詩人的意圖是要嚴防野心家發(fā)難。詩人從劍閣的險要引出對政治形勢的描寫。他化用西晉張載《劍閣銘》中形勝之地，匪親勿居的語句，目的在于勸人引以為鑒戒，警惕戰(zhàn)亂的發(fā)生，并聯(lián)系當時的社會背景，揭露了蜀中豺狼的磨牙吮血，殺人如麻，這既是描寫蜀道猛獸，又是影射政治黑暗的雙關(guān)語句，表達了對國事的憂慮與關(guān)切，為詩篇增加了現(xiàn)實的內(nèi)涵、深厚的意蘊。唐天寶初年，太平景象背后正潛伏著危機，后來發(fā)生的安史之亂，證明詩人的憂慮是有現(xiàn)實意義的。
人教版高中語文必修5《陳情表》教案
【教學目標】１．熟讀全文，掌握文中出現(xiàn)的重要的實詞、虛詞、古漢語句式；２．鑒賞本文融情于事的表達和形象精粹的語言；３．深入體會文章凄切婉轉(zhuǎn)的陳情技巧?！窘虒W重點】重要的古漢語語詞知識【教學難點】理解作者當時的處境和李密祖孫間真摯深厚的感情【教學方法】作為教讀課，選擇串講的方式，突出朗讀，以期能做到既落實知識，又能體會文章之美。課時安排為兩課時。要重點做好預(yù)習工作。【教學步驟】一、以蘇軾的評論導(dǎo)入讀《出師表》不下淚者，其人必不忠；讀《陳情表》不下淚者，其人必不孝；讀《祭十二郎文》不下淚者，其人必不友二、預(yù)習檢測1、下列紅色字注音完全正確的一項（）A、臣以險釁（xìn）夙遭閔（mǐn）兇終鮮（xiǎn）兄弟常在床蓐（rù）B、猥（wěi）以微賤責臣逋（bǔ）慢猶蒙衿（jīn）育寵命優(yōu)渥（wò）C、豈敢盤桓（huán）有所希冀（yì）日薄（bó）西山除臣洗（xiǎn）馬D、逮（dǎi）奉圣朝過蒙拔擢（zhuó）門衰祚（zuò）薄更（gēng）相為命分析：B責臣逋（bū）慢，C有所希冀（jì），D逮（dài）奉圣朝。
人教版高中語文必修5《咬文嚼字》教案
【教學過程】第一課時一、導(dǎo)入新課清代唐彪在《讀書作文譜》中引用武叔卿的話說：“文章有一筆寫成不加點綴而工者，此神到之文，尚矣。其次須精思細改，如文章草創(chuàng)已定，便從頭至尾—一標點?！蓖瑢W們能列舉出文學史上的作家哪些屬于前者，哪些屬于后者嗎？前者有李白。后者如賈島、王安石、歐陽修、曹雪芹等。（賈島有關(guān)于推敲的典故。王安石修改“春風又綠江南岸”句傳為佳話。歐陽修《醉翁亭記》的開頭便是精心改成的?！都t樓夢》更是“披閱十載，增刪五次?！保┨釂枺汗沤竦膫ゴ笞骷覟槭裁聪窭畎资降脑娙撕苌伲蠖鄶?shù)人卻都要“咬文嚼字”，苦苦修改呢？這節(jié)課我們就來研究一下這個問題。二、整體感知1．快速瀏覽全文，熟悉主要內(nèi)容。2．根據(jù)“學習重點”，確立學習目標。三、課文分析1．理清觀點與材料的關(guān)系。首先，讓學生找出本文在論證中所運用的材料。
人教版高中歷史必修2開辟新航路教案
材料五航路開辟后，東方香料輸入歐洲的總量較中古之時猛增30倍，而胡椒、丁香等在印度購入和在英國賣出的差價亦高達10至29倍，其他貨物的獲利同樣驚人。這一時期，新的商品不斷涌現(xiàn)，特別值得注意的是美洲的特產(chǎn)——玉米、馬鈴薯、煙草、可可等——被傳播到歐亞大陸。這時，世界性的對外貿(mào)易主要通過大西洋，地中海與意大利皆告衰落，而沿大洋的英、荷等漸居中心。到17世紀時，英國的倫敦與荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹成為世界貿(mào)易中心。問題4：材料五表明，新航路開辟后對世界貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了哪些重大影響？答案4：結(jié)束了世界相對孤立狀態(tài)；各地文明開始會合交流，日益連成一個整體；歐洲商人直接同世界各地建立商業(yè)聯(lián)系；促進不同國家和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，促進世界市場雛形開始出現(xiàn)。
人教版高中歷史必修3啟蒙運動教案2篇
教學目標：1、知識與能力：（1）識記：理性、啟蒙運動；伏爾泰、孟德斯鳩、盧梭等偉大的啟蒙思想家及其主張；康德及啟蒙運動的影響；（2）理解啟蒙運動興起的背景，分析啟蒙思想的巨大影響；（3）認識上層建筑對社會發(fā)展的巨大反作用。2、過程與方法：（1）指導(dǎo)學生用表格法掌握啟蒙運動主要代表人物及其思想主張；（2）運用比較法加深對啟蒙思想家觀點共性和個性的認識。（3）運用比較法對比文藝復(fù)興和啟蒙運動的異同，說明啟蒙運動對人文主義思想的發(fā)展。3、情感態(tài)度與價值觀：（1）通過本課的學習，讓學生認識到“一定的文化是一定社會的政治和經(jīng)濟在觀念上和形態(tài)上的反映”；（2）學習啟蒙思想家追求真理的精神，培養(yǎng)學生遠大的理想與抱負；（3）通過法國啟蒙思想產(chǎn)生的巨大影響的分析，使學生認識意識形態(tài)對社會發(fā)展所起的重大作用，從而提高學習理論的自覺性。
人教版高中歷史必修3宋明理學教案2篇
二、程朱理學：1、宋代“理學”的產(chǎn)生：（1）含義：所謂“理學”，就是用“理學”一詞來指明當時兩宋時期所呈現(xiàn)出來的儒學。廣義的理學，泛指以討論天道問題為中心的整個哲學思潮，包括各種不同的學派；狹義的理學，專指程顥、程頤、朱熹為代表的，以“理”為最高范疇的學說，稱為“程朱理學”。理學是北宋政治、社會、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的理論表現(xiàn)，是中國古代哲學長期發(fā)展的結(jié)果，是批判佛、道學說的產(chǎn)物。他們把“理”或“天理”視作哲學的最高范疇，認為理無所不在，不生不滅，不僅是世界的本原，也是社會生活的最高準則。在窮理方法上，程顥“主靜”，強調(diào)“正心誠意”；程頤“主敬”，強調(diào)“格物致知”。在人性論上，二程主張“去人欲，存天理”，并深入闡釋這一觀點使之更加系統(tǒng)化。二程學說的出現(xiàn)，標志著宋代“理學”思想體系的正式形成。【合作探究】宋代“理學”興起的社會條件：
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Reading and Thinking教案
【教材分析】The topic of this unit is about teenage life, which belongs to the theme context of “humans and oneself”.As teenagers who shoulder the responsibility of “Chinese great dream”, they must fully know themselves, including their strengths, weaknesses and challenges etc. They are supposed to improve themselves continuously and readily study their subjects, and thus foster their strategies and confidence in lifelong studies.This period is entitled the freshmen challenges, which mainly concerns some big challenges for new students in Senior high school. In this period, a teacher should lead students to find out what their challenges are and guide them to figure out how to crack the challenges and better themselves. More importantly, a teacher should instruct students to absorb new language points and appreciate the language. Besides, a teacher must instruct students to acquire some skills concerning reading efficiently and inspire them to talk more about their new school life, especially their new problems and solutions both at school and in life.【教學目標與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Enable students to acquire the basic usage of the new words and expressions concerning the freshmen challenges and learn to use them flexibly.2. Enable students to have a good understanding of the freshmen challenges in the new senior high school which is quite different from junior middle school.3. Develop students’ sense of cooperative learning and individual thinking capability. 4. Develop students’ different learning skills to solve different reading comprehensive problems.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 1 Teenage Life-Reading for Writing教案
【教材分析】This teaching period mainly deals with reading for writing a letter of advice. Students are expected to learn the knowledge about how to write a suggestion letter. The teacher is expected to enable students to master some writing skills concerning suggestion letters and learn to write one.【教學目標與核心素養(yǎng)】1. Get students to have a good understanding of how to write a suggestion letter properly.2. Enable students to use some writing skills flexibly.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.【教學重難點】1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the skills of writing a suggestion letter2.How to enable students to write a good recommendation letter using some writing skills properly.【教學過程】Step 1: Lead in Begin the class with the lead-in questions: how to write a letter for advice? What kinds of aspects should be included? It is strongly recommended that the teacher should ask students to discuss the topic freely with their partners and brainstorm some ideas concerning the topic. In this way, students can come up with more ideas and avoid being nervous at the beginning of the class.Step 2: Read to discover details concerning advice letters’ writing style.The teacher is expected to ask students to read a letter offering some advice on page 18 silently and then request students to discuss the questions below.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around–Listening and Speaking教案
無論她說什么都不會對我們的安排有影響。Answers: for, arrangement3) Parents arrange everything for their children and spare no effort to pave the way for their success.父母為孩子安排好一切，不遺余力地為他們的成功鋪路。4. extremely adv 極其，非常extreme adj 非常的1) Mary found it extremely difficult to get a job.2) I’m extremely sorry to have troubled you.Answers:瑪麗發(fā)現(xiàn)找工作極其困難。給你添了麻煩，我十分抱歉。3) It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved _________ (extreme) popular with the public.它有白色的隧道和明亮的紅色車廂，結(jié)果證明它非常受大眾的歡迎。Answers: extremelyExercises1. I am continuing to apply_______ jobs though I have failed several times.2. All this had an _______ (extremely) bad effect on the criminal justice system.3. The invention would have wide ______ (apply) in industry.4. She’s happy with her unusual living _________ (arrange).5. I was banging so loudly that I’m ___________ (amaze) that they didn’t hear me.6. You haven’t changed at all you still look ___________ (exact) the same.7. “Was it what you expected?” “Yes, _________ (definite).”8. He was looking forward to______ (work) with the newPrime Minister. Answers: for extreme application arrangement amazed exactly definitely looking單句寫作：1. _______________ (你要說些什么) when you get on the platform to accept the reward?2. Since_____________________(我們?yōu)檫@些事情做好了準備), we have nothing to worry about.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 3 Sports and Fitness-Reading and Thinking教案
2. Sort out detailed information about Michael Jordan.（1） Understand the transitional sentence.Q: Which part is about Michael Jordan as a master? Which part is about the example he set?（2） Have the Ss Focus on why Michael Jordan is a master and what good examples Michael Jordan set when they’re reading. And think about these questions as below:Q1: How does the author describe his impressive skills?Q2: How do you understand “time seemed to stand still”?Q3: What does “graceful” mean?Q4. Which sentence do you think best describes his mental strength?Q5. Which words is important in the sentence in describing his mental strength? Why?Q6: How do you understand “unique”?Q7: What can we learn from Michael Jordan?Step 5 Discussing and recommendingRecommend their own living legends of sports.Work in groups to choose your own living legend of sports and give the reasons of your choice. Step 6 HomeworkReview the stories of Lang Ping and Michael Jordan, and try to retell them.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 3 Sports and Fitness-Reading for Writing教案
Then have them write a short paragraph to describe and explain their changes. After that, get the Ss to exchange their drafts with their partners and use the checklist to give feedback on their drafts, and finally revise it.Step 5 Summary of how to write a wellness book1.健康書的審題步驟：第一步：明確要求該寫作屬于經(jīng)驗分享，故要用第一人稱來寫;時態(tài)以一股現(xiàn)在時為主。第二步：確定段落該類文章可以從以下三個方面人手:Para.1首先表明寫作的目的Para.2自己的做法及心得體會Para.3表示期望及感謝第三步：提煉要點2.健康書常見句式：1) It is an honor for me to share my favorite sport with you,2) It makes me feel relaxed playing with my friends.3) It makes me rid myself of stress while playing with my friends.4) Moreover, it provides me a valuable chance to communicate with others.5) I we eat too little or too much, or if we choose the wrong food, we may become sick.6) We can do something to change the poor situation.Step 6Homework假如你的老師讓你在班級Wellness Bok上分享自己的親身經(jīng)歷及心得，請根據(jù)以下要點寫一篇80字左右的文章1. 你喜歡的運動是什么？2. 你最喜歡的原因是什么？3. 你參加鍛煉的體會。
新人教版高中英語必修1Welcome Unit-Discovering Useful Structures教案
II Learn the technical terms-2.1. What can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and objective complement” in a sentence?2. What can be used as “adverbial” in a sentence?3. What can be used as “verb” in a sentence?Answers to questions 1-3:1. Nouns, pronouns and appellations can be used as “Subject, Object, Predicative, Direct Object, Indirect Object and Objective Complement”. Besides, adjectives can be used as “Predicative and Objective Complement” in a sentence.2. Adverbs and prepositional phrases can be used as “Adverbial”.3. Verbs with actual meaning can be used as “Verb” in a sentence. Auxiliary verbs alone cannot be used as “Verb” in a sentence.III Learn to recognize the sentence structures.1. SV structure. For Example:(1) A bird flies.S V(2) A monkey jumps.S V(3) A fish swims.S V√ In SV structures, verbs are “intransitive verbs”.2. SVO structure. For Example:(1) A sheep eats grass.S V O(2) They like bananas.S V O(3) He wants candy.S V O√ In SVO structures, verbs are “transitive verbs”.3. SP structure. For Example:(1) This is great.S P (2) He looks well.S P (3) She became a teacher.S P √ In SP structures, Predicatives are formed by “l(fā)ink verbs” and “adjectives or nouns”.√ link verbs: be, become, grow, look, feel, taste, etc.4. SV IO DO structure. For Example:(1) He asked me a question.S V IO DO(2) Danny wrote me a letter.S V IO DO(3) Billy brought Sam a kite.S V IO DO√ In SV IO DO structures, the verbs are transitive and are followed by two objectives – pronouns or nouns as Indirect Objective, and nouns as Direct Objectives.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 5 Languages Around the World-Reading for Writing教案
Step 3: Read to sum upRead it again and sum up the problems of the three students, and then write down the advice that was given from others.Step 4: Work in pairs. List your learning problems in English and brainstorm some useful advice.Useful expressions ? I don't know how to…... Is a big difficulty for me. I cannot ...? You might try …. It's very important to…? I have no idea how/what .My biggest problem is .... ? I (also) have trouble with. My advice is …. This worked for me.? l cannot understand the teachers’ English in class.Step 5 Homework：為提高我校學生的英語口語水平，我們將舉辦英語演講比賽(English- speaking contest)，請你根據(jù)下面的信息，以學生會(the Students‘ Union)的名義寫一份海報，歡迎全校同學參加，屆時特邀本校美籍教師史密斯先生頒獎。? 報名時間 9月30日以前(報名:signup)? 報名地點 學生會辦公室? 比賽時間 10月9日晚7:00~9:00? 比賽地點 學校大會議室? 獎勵 前8名
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This theme of the part is “ Describe people or things in greater detail”. Students have learned the grammar(restrictive relative clauses) in Book 1, and further review and consolidate its structure “prep+relative pronouns(which/whom)” and the relative adverbs(when, where and why), besides students should understand its form, meaning and functions. In this section, students should be able to express the grammar correctly in daily communication and in the writing. 1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses . 2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn to write sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses .2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn tow rite sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.Step 1. Observe the following sentences, and mark the relative pronouns and the adverbs. 1. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problems, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.2. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Step 2 PracticePlease complete these sentences with relative pronouns and relative adverbs and answer the following questions.Questions: 1. What is the head noun ?2. What relative words should be used ?3. What elements do they act in these sentences ?
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Reading for Writing教案二
This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.
